Inca Empire

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The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and was large even by world standards. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco. The Inca Empire began in the highlands of Peru around 1197. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used conquest and peaceful assimilation to gain a large portion of western South America, that centered on the Andean mountain ranges, and included large parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.

In 1533, Atahualpa, the last Inca sovereign emperor (Qhapaq Inka, also Sapa Inca), was executed by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. That meant the beginning of Spanish rule in South America. The Inca Empire was supported by an economy based on the collective ownership of the land.

[change] Bibliography

• Popenoe, Hugh, Steven R. King, Jorge Leon, Luis Sumar Kalinowski, and Noel D. Vietmeyer. Lost Crops of the Incas. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

• De la Vega, Garcilaso . The Incas: The Royal Commentaries of the Inca. New York: The Orion Press, 1961.

• Mc Neill, William H.. "How The Potato Changed The World's History." Social Research 66.1 (1999) 16 Sep 2006.

[change] Other websites

• Conquest of Peru, Prescott, 1847 Full text, free to read and search, a definitive history of the Incas. One of the most readable and engaging history books of all time. Humankind lost a civilization of impressive societal value.
• Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922 CE)
• Inca Artifacts, Peru, and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.
• Inca civilization and other ancient civilizations by Genry Joil.
• Inca stone cutting techniques: theory on how the Inca walls fit so perfectly.
• Ancient Civilizations - Inca Great research site for kids.
• "Ice Treasures of the Inca" National Geographic site.
• Incan Ice Mummies NOVA site based on their series about the 1996 expedition that discovered Incan ice mummies.
• Incan Religion